2024年10月mechanicalarms（谁能给我 AK 47 的英文介绍）
⑴mechanicalarms（谁能给我AK的英文介绍
⑵谁能给我AK的英文介绍
⑶TheAvtomatKalashnikov(shortenedfromRussian:АвтоматКалашниковаобразцагода,AvtomatKalashnikovaEnglish)isagas-operatedassaultriflethatwasusedinmanyEasternbloationsduringtheColdWar.Adoptedandstandardizedin,itwasdesignedbyMikhailKalashnikovandproducedbyRussianmanufacturerIzhevskMechanicalWorks.DuringtheSecondWorldWar,theGermansdevelopedtheconceptoftheassaultrifle.Thisconceptwasbasedontheknowledgethatmostmilitaryengagementsinmodernwarfarewerehappeningatfairlycloserangewiththemajorityhappeningwithinmeters(yd).Thepowerandrangeofcontemporaryriflecartridgeswassimplyoverlypowerfulforavastmajorityofengagementswithsmallarms.Asaresult,acartridgeandfirearmweresoughtbiningthefeaturesofasubmachinegun(high-capacitymagazineandfully-automaticfirecapability)withanintermediate-powercartridgethatwouldbeeffectivetoarangeofmeters(yd).Forthesakeofreducedmanufacturingcosts,thiswasdonebyshorteningthe.×mmMausercartridgecaseandsubstitutingalighterbullettocreatethe.xmmKurz.TheresultingSturmgewehr(StG)wasnotthefirstrifletousethesefeatures;itwasprecededbyearlierItalianCei-RigottiandRussianFedorovAvtomatdesigns.TheGermans,however,werethefirsttoproduceandfieldasufficientnumberofthetypetoproperlyevaluateitsutility.TheyfieldedtheweaponinlargenumbersagainsttheRussianstowardstheendofthewarandthisexperiencedeeplyinfluencedRussiandoctrineintheyearsfollowingthewar.MikhailKalashnikovbeganimagininghisweaponwhilestillinthehospital,afterbeingwoundedintheBattleofBryansk.Hehadbeeninformedthatanewweaponwasrequiredforthe.xmmcartridgedevelopedbyElisarovandSeminin.(The.xmmcartridgepredatedthecurrent.xmm.)Sudayev’sPPSsubmachinegunwaspreferredtoKalashnikov’sdesign.Despitecircumstantialevidence,MikhailKalashnikovdeniesthathisriflewasbasedontheGermanassaultrifle.Itisbestdescribedasahybridofseveralpreviousinnovations.Tosupporthisposition,theAK-owesmoretotheMGarandRiflethananyGermandesign.Thedoublelockinglugs,unlockingraceway,andtriggermechanismareclearlyderivedfromtheearlierAmericandesign.totheBrowning-designedRemingtonModelrifle.ThegeniusinthedesignoftheKalashnikovrifleisinthesimplificationofthosecontributingdesignsandadaptationtomassproduction.TheAKcanbeseenasafusionofthebestthattheMGarandofferedbinedwiththebestaspectsoftheStGmadebythebestprocesseswasintherebinationofknownelementsintoapact,reliableanddurablepackage.Thereweremanydifficultiesduringtheinitialphaseofproduction.Thefirstproductionmodelshadstampedsheetmetalreceivers.Difficultieswereencounteredinweldingtheguideandejectorrails,causinghighrejectionrates.Oncemanufacturingdifficultieshadbeenovere,aredesignedversiondesignatedtheAKM(Mformodernizedorupgraded—inRussian:АвтоматКалашниковаМодернизированный)wasintroducedin.InmostformerEasternBloountries,theweaponisknownsimplyasthe“Kalashnikov“.ThephotoaboveatrightillustratesthedifferencesbetweentheTypemilledreceiverandtheTypestamped,includingtheuseofrivetsratherthanweldsonthestampedreceiver,aswellastheplacementofasmalldimpleabovethemagazinewellforstabilizationofthemagazine.In,theSovietUnionbeganreplacingtheirAK-andAKMrifleswithanewerdesign,theAK-.ThisnewrifleandcartridgehadonlystartedbeingexportedtoeasternEuropeannationswhentheSovietUnioncollapsed,drasticallyslowingproductionofthisandallothersmallarms.TheAKissimple,inexpensivetomanufactureandeasytocleanandmaintain.Itsruggednessandreliabilityarelegendary.Thelargegaspiston,generousclearancesbetweenmovingparts,andtaperedcartridgecasedesignallowtheguntoendurelargeamountsofforeignmatterandfoulingwithoutfailingtocycle.Thisreliabilityesatthecostofauracy,astheloosertolerancesdonotallowtheprecisionandconsistencythatarerequiredofmoreauratefirearms.ReflectingSovietinfantrydoctrineofitstime,therifleismeanttobepartofmassedinfantryfire,notlongrangeengagements.Thenotchedreartangentironsightisadjustable,eachsettingdenotinghundredsofmeters.Thefrontsightisapostadjustableforelevationinthefield.Windageadjustmentisdonebythearmorypriortoissue.Thebattlesettingplacestheroundwithinafewcentimetersaboveorbelowthepointofaimouttoapproximatelymeters(yd).This“point-blankrange“settingallowstheshootertofirethegunatanyclosetargetwithoutadjustingthesights.Longersettingsareintendedforareasuppression.ThesesettingsmirrortheMosin-NagantandSKSrifleswhichtheAK-replaced.Thiseasedtransitionandsimplifiedtraining.Theboreandchamber,aswellasthegaspistonandtheinteriorofthegascylinder,aregenerallychromium-plated.Thisplatingdramaticallyincreasesthelifeofthesepartsbyresistingcorrosionandwear.Thisisparticularlyimportant,asmostmilitary-productionammunitionduringthethcenturycontainedcorrosivemercuricsaltsintheprimers,whichmandatedfrequentandthoroughcleaninginordertopreventdamage.Chromeplatingofcriticalpartsisnowmononmanymodernmilitaryweapons.Tofire,theoperatorinsertsaloadedmagazine,movestheselectorlevertothelowestposition,pullsbackandreleasesthecharginghandle,aims,andthenpullsthetrigger.Inthissetting,thegunfiresonlyonce(semi-automatic),requiringthetriggertobereleasedanddepressedagainforthenextshot.Withtheselectorinthemiddleposition(full-automatic),theriflecontinuestofire,automaticallycyclingfreshroundsintothechamber,untilthemagazineisexhaustedorpressureisreleasedfromthetrigger.Aseachbullettravelsthroughthebarrel,aportionofthegasesexpandingbehinditisdivertedintothegastubeabovethebarrel,whereitimpactsthegaspiston.Thepiston,inturn,isdrivenbackward,pushingtheboltcarrier,whichcausesthebolttomovebackwards,ejectingthespentround,andchamberinganewroundwhentherecoilspringpushesitback.Dismantlingtherifleinvolvestheoperatordepressingthemagazinecatchandremovingthemagazine.Thecharginghandleispulledtotherearandtheoperatorinspectsthechambertoverifythegunisunloaded.Theoperatorpressesforwardontheretainerbuttonattherearofthereceivercoverwhilesimultaneouslyliftingupontherearofthecovertoremoveit.Theoperatorthenpushesthespringassemblyforwardandliftsitfromitsraceway,withdrawingitoutoftheboltcarrierandtotherear.Theoperatormustthenpullthecarrierassemblyallthewaytotherear,liftit,andthenpullitaway.Theoperatorremovestheboltbypushingittotherearoftheboltcarrier;rotatingtheboltsothecamminglugclearstheracewayontheundersideoftheboltcarrierandthenpullsitforwardandfree.Whencleaning,theoperatorwillpayspecialattentiontothebarrel,boltface,andgaspiston,thenoillightlyandreassemble.ThestandardAK-orAKMfiresa.×mmroundwithamuzzlevelocityofmetrespersecond(,ft/s).Muzzleenergyis,joules(,ft·lbf).Cartridgecaselengthis.millimetres(.in),weightis.grams(.gr).Projectileweightisnormallygrams(gr).TheAK-andAKM,withthe.×mmcartridge,haveamaximumeffectiverangeofaroundmeters(yd).Forparison,the.×mmRcartridgehasaprojectileof.–grams(–gr),dependingontheweapon,atavelocityofmetrespersecond(,ft/s)forapproximately,joules(,ft·lbf)ofenergy.Kalashnikovvariantsinclude:AK-AK-–,.×mm—Theveryearliestmodels,withtheTypestampedsheetmetalreceiver,arenowveryrare.AK-,.×mm—Hasamilledreceiverandwoodenbuttstockandhandguard.Barrelandchamberarechromeplatedtoresistcorrosion.Rifleweightis.kg.AKS-—Featuredadownward-foldingmetalstocksimilartothatoftheGermanMP,foruseintherestrictedspaceintheBMPinfantrybatvehicle.RPK,.×mm—Squadautomaticrifleversionwithlongerbarrelandbipod.AKM,.×mm—Asimplified,lighterversionoftheAK-;Typereceiverismadefromstampedandrivetedsheetmetal(seeschematicabove).Aslantedmuzzledevicewasaddedtocounterclimbinautomaticfire.Rifleweightis.kg,duetothelighterreceiver.AKMS,.×mm—Folding-stockversionoftheAKMintendedforairborroops.Stockmaybeeitherside-orunder-foldingAK-series,.×mm—Seemainarticlefordetails.AK-seriesAK-seriesAK-/seriesIn,theSovietUnionbeganreplacingtheirAK-andAKMrifleswithanewerdesign,theAK-.ThisnewrifleandcartridgehadonlystartedbeingexportedtoeasternEuropeannationswhentheSovietUnioncollapsed,drasticallyslowingproductionofthisandallothersmallarms.DuringtheColdWar,theSovietUnion,munistChinaandtheUnitedStatessuppliedarmsandtechnicalknowledgetonumerousclient-statecountriesandrebelforcestopromotetheirinterests.Thisperiodsawtheproliferation,sometimesfreeofcharge,ofAK-sbytheSovietUnionandmunistChinatopro-munistcountriesandgroupssuchastheNicaraguanSandinistasandVietcong.TheAKdesignwasspreadtoatotalofnationalarmies.Theproliferationofthisweaponisreflectedbymorethanjustnumbers.TheAKisincludedintheflagofMozambiqueanditscoatofarms.ItisalsofoundintherevolutioneracoatofarmsofBurkinaFaso,theflagofHezbollah,andlogooftheIranianIslamicRevolutionaryGuardsCorps.“Kalash“,ashortenedformof“Kalashnikov“,isusedasanameforboysinsomeAfricancountries.IntheU.S.,moviemakersoftenarmcriminals,gangmembersandterroristcharacterswithAK’s.However,notallinfluencesoftheAKhavebeenviolent.In,ColombianmusicianandpeaceactivistCésarLópezdevisedtheescopetarra,anAKconvertedintoaguitar.OnesoldforUS$,inafundraiserheldtobenefitthevictimsofanti-personnelmines,whileanotherwasexhibitedattheUnitedNations’ConferenceonDisarmament.
⑷刘泉声的主要科研成果
⑸◆获奖：①国家科技进步二等奖“复杂条件下地下工程开挖支护技术的理论方法与应用研究”，年度（排名第二。②国家科技进步二等奖“煤矿千米深部岩巷稳定控制关键技术”，年度（排名第一；③湖北省科技进步一等奖“煤矿深部岩巷稳定控制理论与支护成套技术研究及应用”，年度（排名第一④湖北省科技进步一等奖“隧道激光定位与变形监测系统研发及应用”，年度（排名第一；⑤中国岩石力学与工程学会青年优秀科技奖金奖，年。⑥中国岩石力学与工程学会优秀论文奖“岩石时温等效原理的理论与实验研究”年。⑦湖北省优秀硕士学位论文指导教师奖“爆破荷载作用下岩质边坡动态相应的数值模拟研究”，年。◆专利：①发明专利“隧道无线激光放样装置”②发明专利“大量程机械式多点位移计”③实用新型专利“可控预应力超高强锚杆”④实用新型专利“锚杆预应力控制装置”⑤实用新型专利“增阻高强预应力锚杆”⑥实用新型专利“大倾角厚煤层留小煤柱沿空掘巷支架”⑦实用新型专利“微生物地下水渗流阻塞观测的装置”⑧实用新型专利“气动锚杆安装装置”⑨实用新型专利“一种软弱膨胀型围岩巷道支护装置”◆软件著作权登记：①钻爆法隧道爆破炮孔设计软件V.②隧道变形监测系统V.③隧道掘进自动定位系统V.④围岩多场耦合分析建模系统V.◆专著：、刘泉声，高玮，袁亮，《煤矿深部岩巷稳定控制理论与支护技术及应用》，科学出版社，年月；、高玮，袁亮，《基于仿生计算智能的地下工程反分析——理论与应用》，科学出版社，年月；◆主要论文：.LiuQuansheng,XuXichang,WangChongge,T.Yamaguchi,Time-TemperatureEquivalenceforRocks,Vol.-:-,March,KeyEngineeringMaterials..LiuQuansheng,XuGuangmiao,StudyonBasicMechanicalBehaviorsofRocksatLowTemperatures,Vol.-:-,March,KeyEngineeringMaterials..LiuQuansheng,HuYunhua,OnStabilityandSupportMeasuresofRockMassSurroundingADipheadofACoalMine,Vol.-:-,Sept.,KeyEngineeringMaterials..QuanshengLiu,GuangmiaoXu,XiaoyanLiu,ExperimentalandTheoreticalStudyonFreezying-ThawingDamagePropagationofSaturatedRocks,Issuesand,March,InternationalJournalofModernPhysicsB..LIUQuansheng,LIUBin,GAOWei,StudyOntheDamageEvolutionEquationofRockburst,Vol.-:-,Mar.,AdvancedMaterialsResearch..LiuQuansheng,XuGuangmiao,WuYuexiu,TheThermo-HydroCoupledModelofLow-TemperatureRockinConsiderationofPhaseChange,Vol.-:-,Mar.,AdvancedMaterialsResearch..LiuQuansheng,ZhangChengyuan,LiuXiaoyan,NumericalModellingandSimulationofCoupledTHMProcessesinTask_DofDECOVALEX_Ⅳ,Vol.:-,April,YanshilixueYuGongchengXuebao/ChineseJournalofRockMechanicsandEngineering..LiuQuansheng,XuXichang,TsutomuYamaguchi,MechanicalPropertiesofTGPGraniteinDependenceonTemperatureandTime,Sept.,,Proc.ndARMS,Beijing..LiuQuansheng,DingDuowen,ZhuWeishen,TheDesignandEffectofAnchoringSupportingforWeakRockmassSurroundingGalleries,NinthInt.ConfAssoc.fortheputerMethodsandAdvancesinGeomechanics,Wuhan,China,Sep.,..QuanshengLiuetal,AnalysisontheReinforcementofanUnder-groundCivil-DefenceGallerybeneathaBuilding,Proc.RegionalSymposiumonSedimentaryRockEngineering,Taipei,Nov.~,.Q.S.Liu,X.Y.Liu&C.Y.Zhang,NumericalSimulationofTHMCoupledProcessesinTask_DofDecovalex_IV,partI,ProceedingsofInternationalSymposiumonEngineeredBarriersforHighLevelRadioactiveWasteDisposal（ISEB-),pp-,//-//,TongjiUniversityandEcoleNationaldesPontsetChaussee..Q.S.Liu,X.Y.Liu&C.Y.Zhang,NumericalSimulationofTHMCoupledProcessesinTask_DofDecovalex_IV,partⅡ,pp-,//-//,TongjiUniversityandEcoleNationaldesPontsetChaussee..Q.Liu,C.Wang,Studyontime-temperatureequivalenceprincipleforrocks,Geoproc,InternationalConferenceonCoupledTHMCProcessesinGeo-systems,KTH,Stockholm,Sweden,october..QuanshengLiu,ChengyuanZhang,XiaoyanLiu,ApracticalmethodforcoupledTHMsimulationoftheYuaMoutainandFebexcaseexamplesforTaskDoftheDECOVALEXTHMCproject,ProceedingsoftheGEOPRCInternationalSymposium:ndInternationalConferenceonCoupledTHMCProcessesinGeo-system,Nanjing,China,May,.刘泉声，张伟，卢兴利等，断层破碎带大断面巷道的安全监控与稳定性分析，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，白山云，肖春喜，高玮，基于现场监控量测的龙潭隧道施工期围岩稳定性研究，岩石力学与工程学报，，().刘泉声，胡云华，刘滨，基于试验的花岗岩渐进破坏本构模型研究，岩土力学，，（，.刘泉声，张华，林涛，煤矿深部岩巷围岩稳定与支护对策，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，徐光苗,光纤测量技术在岩土工程中的应用，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，张华,对煤矿深部围岩稳定与支护几个关键问题的认识，岩石力学与工程学报，，增（.刘泉声，陈刚,花岗岩时-温等效原理的进一步验证，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，王崇革,岩石时-温等效原理的理论与实验研究——第一部分：岩石时-温等效原理的热力学基础，岩石力学与工程学报，，（,.刘泉声，许锡昌，山口勉，长秋雄,岩石时-温等效原理的理论与实验研究——第二部分：岩石时-温等效原理的主曲线与移位因子，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，许锡昌,三峡花岗岩与温度及时间相关的力学性质试验研究，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，王志俭,砂-膨润土混合物膨胀力影响因素的研究，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，许锡昌,温度作用下脆性岩石的损伤分析，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，吴玉山，刘祖德，高层建筑深基坑工程在中国的发展，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘泉声，刘小燕，张程远，刘亚晨，核废料贮存裂隙岩体THM耦合研究进展与展望，国防科工委高放废物地质处置研讨会论文集，pp-，年月，北京..刘泉声，张程远，刘小燕，DECOVALEX_IV之TASK_DTHM耦合分析模拟专题中的研究进展，国防科工委高放废物地质处置研讨会论文集，pp-，年月，北京..刘泉声，岩石时温等效效应及其在核废料贮存库围岩长期稳定性分析中的应用，国防科工委高放废物地质处置研讨会论文集，pp-，年月，北京..刘泉声，许锡昌，岩石时温等效效应及其在核废料贮存库围岩长期稳定型分析中的应用，国防科工委高放核废物地质处置学术研讨会，年月，北京..刘泉声，张华，高强锚杆支护及其在大型地下峒室中的应用，油气地下储库国际学术报告会，p-，年月，北京。.XiaoyanLiu,ChengyuanZhang,QuanshengLiu,Multiple-pointstatisticalpredictiononfractureworksatYuaMountain,EnvironmentalGeology.Volume,Issue,pp-..XiaoyanLiu,ChengyuanZhang,QuanshengLiu,ANALYSISOFPLEXITYINCOUPLEDThermal-Hydraulic-MechanicalprocessSIMULATION,Issuesand,March,InternationalJournalofModernPhysicsB..ChengyuanZhang,XiaoyanLiu,QuanshengLiu,Anrock-physics-basedplexpore-fluid-distributionmodeltoseismicDynamicalresponse,Issuesand,March,InternationalJournalofModernPhysicsB..XiaoyanLiu,ChengyuanZhang,QuanshengLiu,CoupledTHMModelandSimulationoftheYuaMountainandFEBEXCaseStudywithinDECOVALEX-THMCFramework,Vol.-:-,Mar.,AdvancedMaterialsResearch..ChengyuanZhang,XiaoyanLiu,QuanshengLiu,StudyonUncertaintyandCriterioninModelOptimizationofCoupledTHMSimulation,Vol.-:-,Mar.,AdvancedMaterialsResearch..XiaoyanLiu,ChengyuanZhang,QuanshengLiu,AnalysisofuncertaintyincoupledTHMsimulationsoftheFEBEXcaseexampleforTaskDoftheDECOVALEXTHMCproject,ProceedingsoftheGEOPRCInternationalSymposium:ndInternationalConferenceonCoupledTHMCProcessesinGeo-systems,Nanjing,China,May,.ZhangChengyuan,LiuXiaoyan,LiuQuansheng,CoupledTHMprocessesmodelingandstochasticsimulationconsideringspatialvariabilityofhydraulionductivityinundergroundstoragecaverns,Vol.-:-,Sept.,KeyEngineeringMaterials..LiuXiaoyan,ZhangChengyuan,LiuQuansheng,Experimentalandtheoreticalstudyoffrequencyandtemperaturedependenceonseismicattenuationofsaturatedrocks,Vol.-:-,Sept.,KeyEngineeringMaterials..ZhangChengyuan,LiuXiaoyan,LiuQuansheng,CoupledTHMProcessesmodellingandstochasticsimulationconsideringspatialvariabilityofhydraulionductivityinundergroundstoragecaverns,Proc.ofInternationalWorkshoponUndergroundStorageofOilandGasinRockCaverns,Nov.,Beijing..JiaoYuyong,LiuQuansheng,Guoqijun,NumericalsimulationofYangjiachaolandslide,EnvironmentGeology,Sept.,,Nanjing,China.YuyongJiao,.XiuliZhang,JiaoZhaoandQuanshengLiu.ViscousBoundaryofDDAforModelingStressWavePropagationinJointedRockMass.International.JournalofRockMechanicsandMiningSciences..YuyongJiao,QuanshengLiu,ShucaiLi,Athree-dimensionalnumericalmodelforsimulatingdeformationandfailureofblockyrockstructures,vol-:-,,KeyEngineeringMaterials..WangCG,SongZQ,ChenWZ,LiuQS,YangCH,studyofthermo-rheologycharactersofrockundertheuni-axialpression,vol-:-,,KeyEngineeringMaterials..徐光苗，刘泉声，彭万巍，常小晓，低温作用下岩石基本力学性质试验研究，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.徐光苗，刘泉声，岩石冻融破坏机理分析及冻融力学试验研究，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.徐光苗，刘泉声，张秀丽，冻结温度下岩体THM完全耦合的理论初步分析，岩石力学与工程学报.，，（.焦玉勇，张秀丽，刘泉声，陈卫忠，用非连续变形分析方法模拟岩石裂纹扩展，岩石力学与工程学报.，，（.刘亚晨,刘泉声等,岩体裂隙结构面的温度-应力-水力耦合本构关系，岩土工程学报，，（.许锡昌，刘泉声,高温下花岗岩基本力学性质初步研究，岩土工程学报，，（.刘亚晨，刘泉声，蔡永庆，吴玉山,核废料贮库围岩介质不可逆过程热力学和热弹性，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.王志俭，刘泉声,密实砂-膨润土混合物膨胀特性的试验研究,岩土力学，，（.刘亚晨，刘泉声，蔡永庆，吴玉山,温度饱和水下的裂隙岩体力学特性，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.刘亚晨，吴玉山，刘泉声，核废料贮存裂隙岩体藕合分析研究综述,地质灾害与环境保护,，（.许锡昌，刘泉声，跨世纪的岩石力学与工程难题——核废料处理，中国岩石力学与工程学会第五次学术大会论文集，pp-，中国科学技术出版社，年月.郭启军，刘泉声，白冰，长江沿线堤防工程渗透破坏类型及其防渗治理，长江流域洪涝灾害与科技对策，科学出版社，pp-,年月.焦玉勇，葛修润，刘泉声，冯树仁，三维离散单元法及其在滑坡分析中的应用，岩土工程学报,，（（EI收录.张秀丽，焦玉勇，刘泉声，陈卫忠.用改进的DDA方法模拟公路隧道的稳定性.岩土力学.张秀丽焦玉勇刘泉声.节理对爆炸波传播影响的数值研究.岩土力学.张秀丽，焦玉勇，刘泉声.非连续变形分析(DDA)方法中的预应力锚杆模拟.地下空间与工程学报.焦玉勇，刘泉声，张秀丽.岩溶地区隧道稳定性数值模拟研究.第五届海峡两岸隧道与地下工程学术与技术研讨会.台北，，A-~A-.张程远，席道瑛，刘泉声，快速模拟退火淬火反演研究，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.杨永香，刘泉声，焦玉勇，龙潭隧道的流固耦合分析，采矿与安全工程学报，，（.王崇革，刘泉声，刘双跃，蒋宇静，单轴应力下岩石的热-粘弹塑性模型研究，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.戴永浩，陈卫忠，刘泉声，易小明，深部高地应力巷道断面优化研究，岩石力学与工程学报，，（。.朱维申，李术才，白世伟，刘泉声，施工过程力学原理的若干发展和工程实例分析，岩石力学与工程学报，，（.徐燕萍，项阳，刘泉声，吕爱钟，等参元逆变插值法的研究及其应用，岩土力学，，（．HuYunhua，LiuQuansheng，Experimentalstudyonmechanicalpropertiesofgraniteunderrepeatedloadingandunloading，Issuesand,March,InternationalJournalofModernPhysicsB．LiuBin，LiuQuansheng，Stressanalysisoftransverselyisotropiylinderunderarbitraryaxisymmetricload，Issuesand,March,InternationalJournalofModernPhysicsB．WuYuexiu，LiuQuansheng，Theanalysisondynamicalresponseoftransverselyisotropicmaterialunderblastingload，Issuesand,March,InternationalJournalofModernPhysicsB
⑹soon是什么意思呀
⑺soon的中文：等等
⑻作副词的意思是：向前地；作用中，行动中；继续着
⑼作介词的意思是：向，朝……；关于；在……之上；在……时候
⑽作形容词的意思：开着的；发生着的，正在进行中
⑾callon?拜访;访问;呼吁;约请
⑿ONSemiconductor?安森美;安森美半导体;美国安森美;关于安森美半导体
⒀happenon?巧遇;偶然发现;偶然遇到或发现;偶遇
⒁intenton?抱定决心要实行;决心实行
⒂fallon?落到;袭击;降临;叠印
⒃POWERON?调音台开关;电源开;打开电源;上电
⒄日期前的on常被省略。
⒅注意in与on的使用：on表示“在物体的表面上”，而in表示“在其中”。
⒆so用作副词时常用于形容词或其他副词之前,用于表示程度,作“这么,那么”解;可用于表示方式,作“这样,那样”解;可用以避免重复,常用于believe,do,say之后,作“如此,这样”解。
⒇“not?so+(+as...)”表示“不(像)…这么…”;“so+用于表示结果;“so+adj.+a/an+n.(+assb/sth)”可用于比较。
⒈so用作连词可用于表示结果,作“因此,所以”解;也可用于表示目的,作“为了,以便”解;还可用以引出一段话进行评比。
⒉中学生英语美文摘抄词左右，加翻译，篇
⒊ifiwereaboyagainandgentleascourage,nothingsocruelandpitilessascowardice,”syasawiseauthor.wetoooftenborrowtrouble,andanticipatethatmayneverappear.”hefearofillexceedstheillwefear.”dangerswillariseinanycareer,butpresenceofmindwilloftenconquertheworstofthem.bepreparedforanyfate,andthereisnoharmtobefreared.ifiwereaboyagain,iwouldlookonthecheerfulside.lifeisverymuchlikeamirrorifyousmileuponit,ismilesbackuponyou;butifyoufrownandlookdoubtfulonit,youwillgetasimilarlookinreturn.innersunshinewarmsnotonlytheheartoftheowner,butofallthateincontactwithit.“whoshutsloveout,inturnshallbeshutoutfromlove.”ifiwereaboyagain,iwouldschoolmyselftosaynomoreoften.mightwritepagesontheimportanceoflearningveryearlyinlifetogainthatpointwhereayoungboycanstanderect,anddeclinedoinganunworthyactbecauseitisunworthy.ifiwereaboyagain,iwoulddemandofmyselfmorecourtesytowardsmypanionsandfriends,andindeedtowardsstrangersaswell.themallestcourtesiesalongtheroughroadsoflifearelikethelittlebirdsthatsingtousallwinterlong,andmakethatseasonoficeandsnowmoreendurable.finally,insteadoftryinghardtobehappy,asifthatwerethesolepurposeoflife,iwould,ifiwereaboyagain,iwouldstilltryhardertomakeothershappy.假如我又回到了童年，我就要培养勇气。一位明智的作家曾说过：“世上没有东西比勇气更温文尔雅，也没有东西比懦怯更残酷无情。”我们常常过多地自寻烦恼，杞人忧天。“怕祸害比祸害本身更可怕。”凡事都有危险，但镇定沉着往往能克服最严重的危险。对一切祸福做好准备，那么就没有什么灾难可以害怕的了。假如我又回到了童年，我就要事事乐观。生活犹如一面镜子：你朝它笑，它也朝你笑；如果你双眉紧锁，向它投以怀疑的目光，它也将还以你同样的目光。内心的欢乐不仅温暖了欢乐者自己的心，也温暖了所有与之接触者的心。“谁拒爱于门外，也必将被爱拒诸门外。”假如我又回到了童年，我就要养成经常说“不”字的习惯。一个少年要能挺得起腰，拒绝做不应该做的事，就因为这事不值得做。我可以写上好几页谈谈早年培养这一点的重要性。假如我又回到了童年，我就要要求自己对伙伴和朋友更加礼貌，而且对陌生人也应如此。在坎坷的生活道路上，最细小的礼貌犹如在漫长的冬天为我们歌唱的小鸟，那歌声使冰天雪地的寒冬变得较易忍受。最后，假如我又回到了童年，我不会力图为自己谋幸福，好像这就是人生唯一的目的；与之相反，我要更努力为他人谋幸福。threedaystosee假如拥有三天光明helenkeller海伦.凯勒allofushavereadthrillingstoriesinwhichtheherohadonlyalimitedandspecifiedtimetolive.sometimesitwasaslongasayear;sometimesasshortastwenty-fourhours,butalwayswewereinterestedindiscoveringjusthowthedoomedmanchosetospendhislastdaysorhislasthours.ispeak,ofcourse,offreemenwhohaveachoice,notcondemnedcriminalswhosesphereofactivitiesisstrictlydelimited.suchstoriessetupthinking,wonderingwhatweshoulddoundersimilarcircumstances.whatassociationsshouldwecrowdintothoselasthoursasmortalbeingswhathappinessshouldwefindinreviewingthepast,whatregretssometimesihavethoughtitwouldbeanexcellentruletoliveeachdayasifweshoulddietomorrow.suchanattitudewouldemphasizesharplythevaluesoflife.weshouldliveeachdaywithagentleness,avigor,andakeennessofappreciationwhichareoftenlostwhentimestretchesbeforeusintheconstantpanoramaofmoredaysandmonthsandyearstoe.therearethose,ofcourse,whowouldadopttheepicureanmottoof“eat,drink,andbemerry,”mostpeoplewouldbechastenedbythecertaintyofimpendingdeath.我们都读过这样一些动人的故事，故事里主人公将不久于人世。长则一年，短则小时。但是我们总是很想知道这个即将离开人世的人是决定怎样度过他最后的日子的。当然，我所指的是有权作出选择的自由人，不是那些活动范围受到严格限制的死囚。这一类故事会使我们思考在类似的处境下，我们自己该做些什么？在那临终前的几个小时里我们会产生哪些联想？会有多少欣慰和遗憾呢？有时我想，把每天都当作生命的最后一天来度过也不失为一个很好的生命法则。这种人生态度使人非常重视人生的价值。每一天我们都应该以和善的态度、充沛的精力和热情的欣赏来度过，而这些恰恰是在来日方长时往往被我们忽视的东西。当然，有这样一些人奉行享乐主义的座右铭——吃喝玩乐，但是大多数人却不能摆脱死亡来临的恐惧。mostofustakelifefranted.weknowthatonedaywemustdie,butusuallywepicturethatdayasfarinthefuture,whenweareinbuoyanthealth,deathisallbutunimaginable.weseldomthinkofit.thedaysstretchoutinanendlessvista.sowegoaboutourpettytask,hardlyawareofourlistlessattitudetowardslife.thesamelethargy,iamafraid,characterizestheuseofourfacultiesandsenses.onlythedeafappreciatehearing,onlytheblindrealizethemanifoldblessingsthatlieinsight.particularlydoesthisobservationapplytothosewhohavelostsightandhearinginadultlife.butthosewhohaveneversufferedimpairmentofsightorhearingseldommakethefullestuseoftheseblessedfaculties.theireyesandearstakeinallsightsandsoundhazily,withoutconcentration,andwithlittleappreciation.itisthesameoldstoryofnotbeinggratefulforwhatweconsciousofhealthuntilweareill.ihaveoftenthoughtitwouldbeablessingifeachhumanbeingwerestrickenblindanddeafforafewdaysatsometimeduringhisearlyadultlife.darknesswouldmakehimmoreappreciativeofsight;silencewouldteachhimthejoysofsound.nowandthenihavetestedmyseeingfriendstodiscoverwhattheysee.recentlyiwasvisitedbyaverygoodfriendwhohadjustreturnedfromalongwalkinthewoods,andiaskedherwhatshehadobserved.“nothinginparticular,”shereplied.imighthavebeenincreduloushadinotbeenaustomedtosuchresponses,forlongagoibecameconvincedthattheseeingseelittle.我们大多数人认为生命理所当然，我们明白总有一天我们会死去，但是我们常常把这一天看得非常遥远。当我们身体强壮时，死亡便成了难以相象的事情了。我们很少会考虑它，日子一天天过去，好像没有尽头。所以我们为琐事奔波，并没有意识到我们对待生活的态度是冷漠的。我想我们在运用我们所有五官时恐怕也同样是冷漠的。只有聋子才珍惜听力，只有盲人才能认识到能见光明的幸运。对于那些成年致盲或失陪的人来说尤其如此。但是那些听力或视力从未遭受损失的人却很少充分利用这些幸运的能力，他们对所见所闻不关注、不欣赏。这与常说的不失去不懂得珍贵，不生病不知道健康可贵的道理是一样的。我常想如果每一个人在他成年的早些时候，有几天成为了聋子或瞎子也不失为一件幸事。黑暗将使他更珍惜光明；沉寂将教他知道声音的乐趣。有时我会试探我的非盲的朋友们，想知道他们看见了什么。最近我的一位非常要好的朋友来看我，她刚刚在树林里走了很长时间，我问她看见了什么。“没什么特别的，”她回答说。如不是我早已习惯了这样的回答，我也许不会轻易相信，因为很久以前我就相信了有眼人看不见什么。geniusatwork天才在工作henryforddidn’talwayspayattentioninschool.oneday,heandafriendtookawatchapart.angryandupset,theteachertoldhimbothtostayafterschool.theirpunishmentwastostayuntiltheyhadfixedthewatch.buttheteacherdidnotknowyoungford’sgenius.intenminutes,thismechanicalwizardhadrepairedthewatchandwasonthiswayhome..fordwasalwaysinterestedinhowthingsworked.heoncepluggedupthespoutofateapotandplaceditonthefire.thenhewaitedtoseewhatwouldhappen.thewaterboiledand,ofcourse,turnedtosteam.sincethesteamhadnowaytoescape,theteapotexploded.theexplosioncrackedamirrorandbrokeawindow.theyounginventorwasbadlyscaldedford’syearofcuriosityandtinkeringpaidoff.hedreamedofahorselesscarriage.whenhebuiltone,theworldoftransportationwaschangedforever.亨利.福特在学校里常常心不在焉。有一天，他和一个小朋友把一块手表拆开了。老师很生气，让他们放学后留下来，把表修好才能回家。当时这位老师并不知道小福特的天才。只用了十分钟，这位机械奇才就把手表修好，走在回家的路上了。福特对各种东西的工作原理总是很感兴趣。曾有一次，他把茶壶嘴用东西堵住，然后把茶壶放在火炉上。他便站在一边等候着会出现什么情况。当然，水开后变成了水蒸气。因为水蒸气无处逸出，茶壶便爆炸了，因而打碎了一面镜子和一扇窗户。这个小发明家也被严重地烫伤了。多年后，福特的好奇心和他的动手能力使他得到了回报。他曾经梦想着去制造一辆无马行进的车。他造成了一辆这样的车后，运输界发生了永久性的变化。loveyourlife热爱生活henrydavidthoreau/享利.大卫.梭罗howevermeanyourlifeis,meetitandliveit;donotshunitandcallithardnames.itisnotsobadasyouare.itlookspoorestwhenyouarerichest.thefault-finderwillfindfaultsinparadise.loveyourlife,poorasitis.youmayperhapshavesomepleasant,thrilling,glorioushourss,eveninapoor-house.thesettingsunisreflectedfromthewindowsofthealms-houseasbrightlyasfromtherichman’sabode;thesnowmeltsbeforeitsdoorasearlyinthespring.idonotseebutaquietmindmayliveascontentedlythere,andhaveascheeringthoughts,asinapalace.thetown’spoorseemtomeoftentolivethemostindependentlivesofany.maybetheyaresimplygreatenoughtoreceivewithoutmisgiving.mostthinkthattheyareabovebeingsupportedbythetown;butitoftenhappensthattheyarenotabovesupportingthemselvesbydishonestmeans.whichshouldbemoredisreputable.cultivatepovertylikeagardenherb,likesage.donottroubleyourselfmuchtogetnewthings,whetherclothesorfriends,turntheold,returntothem.thingsdonotchange;wechange.sellyourclothesandkeepyourthoughts.不论你的生活如何卑贱，你要面对它生活，不要躲避它，更别用恶言咒骂它。它不像你那样坏。你最富有的时候，倒是看似最穷。爱找缺点的人就是到天堂里也能找到缺点。你要爱你的生活，尽管它贫穷。甚至在一个济贫院里，你也还有愉快、高兴、光荣的时候。夕阳反射在济贫院的窗上，像身在富户人家窗上一样光亮；在那门前，积雪同在早春融化。我只看到，一个从容的人，在哪里也像在皇宫中一样，生活得心满意足而富有愉快的思想。城镇中的穷人，我看，倒往往是过着最独立不羁的生活。也许因为他们很伟大，所以受之无愧。大多数人以为他们是超然的，不靠城镇来支援他们；可是事实上他们是往往利用了不正当的手段来对付生活，他们是毫不超脱的，毋宁是不体面的。视贫穷如园中之花而像圣人一样耕植它吧！不要找新的花样，无论是新的朋友或新的衣服，来麻烦你自己。找旧的，回到那里去。万物不变，是我们在变。你的衣服可以卖掉，但要保留你的思想。thecountrymaidandhermilkcan村姑和牛奶罐acountrymaidwaswalkingalongwithacanofmilkuponherhead,whenshefellintothefollowingtrainofreflections.“themoneyforwhichishallsellthismilkwillenablemetoincreasemystockofeggstothreehundred,theseeggs,allowingforwhatmayproveaddle,andwhatmaybedestroyedbyvermin,willproduceatleasttwohundredandfiftychickens.thechickenswillbefittocarrytomarketjustatthetimewhenpoultryisalwaysdear;sothatbythenewyearicannotfailofhavingmoneyenoughtopurchaseanewgown.green-letmeconsider-yes,greenbeesmyplexionbest.andgreenitshallbe,inthisdressiwillgotothefair,whereallyoungfellowswillstrivetohavemeforaparter;butno-ishallrefuseeveryoneofthem,andwithadisdainfultossturnfromthem.“transportedwiththisidea,shecouldnotforbearactingwithherheadthethoughtthatpassedinhermind,whendowncamethecanofmilk!andallherimaginaryhappinessvanishedinamoment.一个村姑头上顶着一罐牛奶在路上行走。走着走着，她的脑子里浮现出一连串的幻想：“我卖了这罐牛奶后，用这笔钱买鸡蛋，这样我有的鸡蛋可以增加到个。用这个鸡蛋孵小鸡，这就算有坏的、生虫的，至少也能孵出只小鸡。等小鸡长大后，正好能赶上卖个好市价；那么到了新年，我就能有钱买一件新晚装。买一件绿色的——让我好好想想——对，绿色与我的肤色最相衬。我穿上这件衣服去赶集，所有的年轻小伙子都会抢着邀请我做舞伴；但是不行——我要轻蔑地把头一扬，转身过去不理他们，让他们人人都碰个钉子。她想得得意忘形，情不自禁地把头一扬，刹那间，牛奶罐跌了下来！她幻想的一切幸福间破灭了。
⒋mechanicalarms为什么只有一集
⒌搜了一下全网，只有《mechanicalarms》第一话的相关信息，我猜应该是制作组没钱了所以才只有一集。
⒍简介:男主角在某天遇到了来自异世界的机械臂MECHA-UDE，这条机械臂拥有自主意识寄居在男主角的兜帽之中，一人一臂就开始了奇妙的共存生活。而寄居在主角那里的MECHA-UDE具有巨大的能量，盯上了这条机械臂和主角的敌人，毫不留情的使用寄居在他们身上的MECHA-UDE袭击主角。
⒎高分动漫推荐：《进击的巨人》《间谍过家家》《夏日重现》等。
⒏《进击的巨人》已完结，共集。本动画根据谏山创的同名原作改编。最终季讲到在艾伦他们居住的帕拉迪岛之外，还存在一个其他人类居住的世界。当中一个国家「玛雷」与其他各国爆发战争。陷入苦战之际，他们决定要攻进帕拉迪岛，把「始祖的巨人」抢过来。在这里又看到另一群孩子们拼命求生存的身影……
⒐动漫《间谍过家家》于年月日在日本播出，共集。该动漫讲述了为了潜入名校，西国能力最强的间谍《黄昏》被下令组建家庭。但是，他的“女儿”居然是能够读取他人内心的超能力者！“妻子”是暗杀者？互相隐藏了真实身份的新家庭，面临考验与世界危机的痛快家庭喜剧就此展开……
⒑《夏日重现》是作者田中靖规创作的漫画作品。该漫画宣布完结，同时动画化、真人化和现实逃脱游戏化。
⒒我需要一份关于自行车刹车方面英文介绍
⒓RimbrakesSinglepivotside-pullcaliperbrakeonfrontwheel.Center-pullcaliperbrake.Dual-pivotcaliperbrake.TraditionalL-shapedcantileverbrake.Unusualcenter-pullcaliperbrake.Lowprofilecantileverbrake.Inrimbrakes,thebrakingforceisappliedbytheridersqueezingalevermountedonthehandlebar;thiscausesfrictionpads(usuallymadeofleatherorrubberandmountedinmetal“shoes“)tocontacttherimoftherotatingwheel,thusslowingitandthebicycle.Thereareseveraltypesofrimbrakes.Rodbrakesuseaseriesofrodsandpivots(ratherthanBowdencables)totransmitthebrakingforcefromthehandleverstopullthefrictionpadsupwardsontotheinnersurface(facingthehub)ofthewheelrim.Theywereoftencalled“stirrupbrakes“duetotheirshape.Tofittherearwheelandthemoredirectlyactuatefrontwheel,theyuseamechanismtotransmittheforcebutstillallowrotationwheretheforkattachestotheframe.Althoughheavyandplex,thelinkagesarereliableanddurableandcanberepairedoradjustedwithsimplehandtoolsinareaswherereplacementBowdencablesarenotavailableoraretooexpensive.Theyarestillusedonsomebicycles,typicallyroadsters,particularlyintheEastAsia.RodbrakesareusedwitharimprofileknownastheWestwoodrim,whichhasaslightlyconcaveareaonthebrakingsurfaceandlackstheflatoutersurfacerequiredbybrakeswhichapplythepadsonoppositesidesoftherim.Innewerdesigns,frictionpadssqueezethesidesofthewheelrimswithaforcetransmittedfromahandleverbyaBowdencable.Designsincludethescissor-action“sidepull“and“centrepull“brakes,andtheleveraction“cantilever“and“V“brakes.Singlepivotside-pullcaliperbrakesconsistoftwocurvedarmsthatcrossatapivotabovethewheelandholdthebrakepadsonoppositesidesoftherim.Thesearmshaveextensionsononeside,oneattachedtothecable,theothertothecablehousing.Whenthebrakeleverissqueezed,thearmsmovetogetherandthebrakepadssqueezetherim.Thesebrakesaresimpleandeffectiveforrelativelynarrowtires,buthaveseriousdisadvantagesifmadebigenoughtofitwidetires.Low-qualityvarietiesalsotendtorotatetoonesideduringactuationandtostaythere,sothatonebrakepadcontinuallyrubstherimevenwhenthebrakeisreleased.Thesebrakesarenowusedoninexpensivebikes;beforetheintroductionofdual-pivotcaliperbrakestheywereusedonalltypesofroadbikes.Centre-pullcaliperbrakeshavesymmetricalarmsandbydesigndonotrubtherimwhentheyarereleased,byactuatingthebrakearmssymmetrically.Thecablehousingattachestoafixedcablestopattachedtotheframe,andtheinnercableattachestoaslidingpieceorasmallpulley,overwhichrunsastraddlecableconnectingthetwobrakearms.Tensiononthecableisevenlydistributedtothetwoarms,preventingthebrakefromtakinga“set“toonesideortheother.Thesebrakeswerereasonablypriced,andinthepastfilledthepricenichebetweenthecheaperandthemoreexpensivemodelsofside-pullbrakes.Dual-pivotcaliperbrakesareusedonmostmodernracingbicycles.Onearmpivotsatthecentre,likeaside-pull;andtheotherpivotsattheside,likeacentre-pull.Thecablehousingattacheslikethatofaside-pullbrake;thecenteringofside-pullbrakeswassimplifiedwiththemass-marketadoptionofdual-pivotside-pulls(anolddesignre-discoveredbyShimanointheearlys).Thesebrakesofferahighermechanicaladvantage.Dual-pivotbrakesareslightlyheavierthanconventionalside-pullcalipersandcannotauratelytrackanout-of-truerim.Cantilever,direct-pull,andlinear-pullbrakeshaveeacharmattachedtoaseparatepivotpointononesideoftheseatstayorforkjustbelowtherim.Thissolvestheproblemforstandardcallipersonwidetires(suchasthoseonmountainbikes)wherethelongdistancefromthepivottothepadallowsthearmstoflex,reducingbrakingeffectiveness.ThetraditionalcantileverhasanL-shapedarmprotrudingoutwardsoneachside,withacablestopontheframeorforktoholdthecablehousingandastraddlecablebetweenthearmssimilartothecentre-pullbrake.Thecablefromthebrakehandlepullsupwardsonthestraddlecable,causingthebrakearmstorotateupandinwardandsqueezingtherimbetweenthebrakepads.Linear-pullbrakes(sometimesreferredtobythetrademarkedterm“V-brakes“)mountsimilarly,butthearmsextendstraightup,andthehousingisattachedtoonearmandthecabletotheother,similartothecableattachmentforside-pullbrakes.Theyaregenerallymorepowerfulandeasiertoadjustthancantileverbrakesbutrequireasmallergapbetweenthebrakepadandtherimsurface.Theyfunctionwellwiththesuspensionsystemsfoundonmanymountainbikesbecausetheydonotrequireaseparatecablestopontheframeorfork.Duetotheirhighermechanicaladvantage,linear-pullbrakesrequireleverswithlongercabletravelthanleversintendedforcaliperbrakesortraditionalcantileverbrakes.SeeLinear-pullbrakeadjustment.CloselyrelatedistheU-brake(sometimesreferredtobytheterm“’s“aftertheDia-peu-brakemodel);thistypehasthepivotsforthearmsmountedtotheframeorforkoneachsideabovetherim.Thearmscrossoversimilarlytocentre-pullbrakes;itsmainadvantageisthatitdoesnotprotrudesidewaysfromtheframelikethecantilevers.U-brakemountsarethecurrentstandardonFreestyleBMXframesandforks.Oneoftheleastmonrimbrakesisthehydraulicrimbrake.Thesebrakesaregenerallyabletobemountedonthesamepivotpointsusedforcantileverandlinear-pullbrakes.Theywereavailableonsomehigh-endmountainbikesintheearlys,butdeclinedinpopularitywiththeriseofdiscandlinear-pullbrakes.Themoderateperformanceadvantage(greaterpowerandcontrol)theyofferoverthelatterisoffsetbytheirgreaterweightandplexity.Theonlysignificantcurrentuseofthesebrakesisonbicyclesusedfortrialsriding.Anotherdesignisthedeltabrake,wherethearmspivotabovetherimbutdonotcross,andtheinnercableattachestoawedge-shapedpiecebetweenthebrakearms,insteadofastraddlecable.Whenthebrakesareapplied,thewedgeforcesthearmsapartatthetop,squeezingtherimbetweenthepads.Thishasanadvantageinthattheshapeofthewedgecanbevariedotherthanstraight-sided,toallowforaveryhighmechanicaladvantageatthepointwherethepadscontacttherimtogivehighbrakingpower,butalowermechanicaladvantagewhenthepadsarenotcontactingtherimsothatthepadsmovewellawayfromtherimwhenthebrakeisnotapplied,preventinganyrubbing.AdvantagesanddisadvantagesRimbrakesarecheap,light,mechanicallysimple,easytomaintain,andverypowerful.However,theyperformpoorlyinwetweatherwhentherimsarewet.Thisproblemislessseriouswithrimsmadeofaluminium,foundonmoreexpensivebikes,thanonthosewithsteelorchromedrims.Theyarealsoproocloggingwithmud,particularlywhenmountainbiking.Rimbrakesalsoneedregularmaintenance.Brakepadscanweardownquickly,andhavetobereplaced.Overlongertimeanduse,rimsbeeworn.Rimsshouldbecheckedforwearperiodicallyastheycanfailcatastrophicallyiftherimsidewallsbeetooworn.Dependingonthebrakepadsandrim,thiscanhappenafterafewthousandmilesifheavilyusedinwetandmuddyconditions.Bowdencablescanbeestickyifnotregularlylubricatedorifwatergetsintothehousing,causingcorrosion,althoughmodernlinedandstainlesssteelcablesarelessprootheseproblems.Thecablesalsocanwearthroughrepeateduseoveralongtime,howevertheyaremorelikelytogetdamagedthroughgettingbent,kinkedortheopenendbeingunraveled.Iftheinnercablesarenotreplacedwhentheyfray,theycansuddenlybreakwhenbrakesareappliedstrongly,causingbrakestobelostpreciselywhentheyaremostneeded.Rimbrakesalsorequirethattherimberelativelystraight;iftherimhasapronouncedwobble,theneitherthebrakepadsrubagainstitwhenthebrakesarereleased,orapplyinsufficientandunevenpressuretotherimwhencertainbrakese.g.dualpivot,areapplied.Rimbrakesalsoheattherim,becausethebrakeconvertskiicenergyintothermalenergy,whichincreasesthetemperatureoftherim(thebrakecaliperandframedonotbeehotbecausebrakepadsareexcellentthermalinsulators).Innormaluseandwithlightweightbicyclesthisisnotaproblem,asthebrakesareonlyappliedwithalimitedforceandforashorttime,sotheheatquicklydissipatestothesurroundingair.Butonheavily-ladentouringbikesandtandemsinmountainousregions,theheatbuild-upcanincreasetirepressuresomuchthatthetireblowsofftherim.Ifthishappensonthefrontwheel,aseriousaidentisalmostinevitable.Theproblemisworsewhendescendingcautiouslyatslowspeedsbecausethebrakesare“alwayson“andthecoolingairflowovertherimisinsufficient.Theriskcanbereducedbynotover-inflatingtiresandadoptinganaggressiveridingstyle,onlybrakingforthecorners,buttherealsolutionisadrumbrakeoradiscbrakewhichavoidsrimheating.Therearemanydesignsofbrakepads(brakeblocks).Mostconsistofareplaceablerubberpadheldinametalchannel(brakeshoe),withapostorboltprotrudingfromthebacktoallowattachmenttothebrake.Somearemadeasonepiecewiththeattachmentdirectlymoldedinthepadforlowerproductioncosts.Therubbercanbesofterformorebrakingforcewithlesslevereffort,orharderforlongerlife.Therubbercanalsocontainabrasivesforbetterbraking,attheexpenseofrimwear.poundsvieforbetterwetbrakingefficiency.Typicallypadsarerelativelyshort,butlongervarietiesarealsomanufacturedtoprovidemoresurfaceareaforbraking;theseoftenmustbecurvedtomatchtherim.Alargerpaddoesnotgivemorefrictionbutwearsmoreslowly,soanewpadcanbemadethinner,simplifyingwheelremovalwithlinear-pullbrakesinparticular.Ingeneral,abrakecanbefittedwithanyofthesemanyvarietiesofpads,aslongasthepadmountingmethodispatible.Carbonrims,asonsomediscwheels,generallyhavetousenon-abrasivecorkpads.
⒔Spider-Man()Mainarticle:Spider-Man(film)Spider-ManfollowsPeterParkerasheisbittenbya“super-spider“,whichcauseshimtotakeonthetraitsofaspider.Followingthemurderofhisuncle,Peterspendshiswholelifetofightingcrime.NormanOsborn,inanattempttosavehispany,experimentswithhumanperformance-enhancingdrugs.ThedrugscauseNormantogocrazy.WhenSpider-ManrefusestojointheGreenGoblin,thetwofaceoffagainsteachotherinanepicbattle.Spider-Man()Mainarticle:Spider-ManSpider-Manpicksuptwoyearsaftertheeventsofthefirstfilm.PeterisstrugglingwithbeingSpider-Manandkeepingtherestofhislifeinorder.Peter’sbestfriend,HarryOsborn,isoutforrevengeagainstSpider-Man,andthewomanheloves,MaryJaneWatson,isabouttomarrysomeoneelse.Dr.OttoOctaviusdevelopsfourmechanical,artificiallyintelligentarmstohandleafusionreactorhe’screating.Thereactormalfunctions,andthemechanicalarmsaremeldedtohisbody.Withthearmsgivinghimdirection,Octaviussetsouttobuildabigger,strongerfusionreactor.Spider-Man()Mainarticle:Spider-ManSpider-ManfindsPeterbaskinginthespotlightasSpider-Man,andfindingabalancebetweenbeingasuperheroandbeingwithhislove,MaryJaneWatson.Harryfinallydecidestotakehisrevenge,andPeterlearnsthetruthaboutwhoreallykilledhisuncle.FlintMarko,anescapedconvict,fallsintoaparticleaeleratorandbeesashape-shiftingsandmonsterlaterknownasSandman.Arivalphotographer,EddieBrockJr.,threatenstotakePeter’splaceattheDailyBugle.Allthishappenswhileanaliensubstancecrashestoearthonameteor,andlachesontoSpidey’ssuit,turningitblackandmanipulatinghim.Thesubstance(calledasymbiotebyDr.CurtisConnors)eventuallypossessesEddieBrock,creatingoneofSpider-Man’sdeadliestfoes,Venom.